Area of Expertise: Unspecified

policy brief

Planning Light- and Heavy-Duty ZEV Infrastructure for a More Resilient Fueling Network in California

Publication Date

March 1, 2026

Author(s)

Kate Forrest, Benjamin Hudson, Blake Lane, Scott Samuelsen
View policy brief

Abstract

To meet goals for air quality improvement and greenhouse gas reduction, California aims to expand both light-duty and heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). To support these aims, the State has set targets for the number of electric charging and hydrogen fueling stations, but deployment is falling short of these targets. For example, there were only 50 hydrogen stations and just over 200,000 chargers as of September 2025, as compared to the goals for this year, set in 2018, of 200 hydrogen stations and 250,000 electric vehicle chargers. Building a large, reliable, equitable network in a short time presents challenges of scale, reliability, and resiliency. One possible way to address these challenges is to combine light-and heavy-duty vehicle charging and fueling infrastructure, given the overlap of these vehicles’ travel patterns and of the respective charging and fueling technologies used. The research investigates how this strategy could support robust charging and refueling networks for projected ZEV growth. To that end, the research also developed a “conservative” and an “optimistic” scenario to simulate charging and hydrogen fueling station deployment across California for 2025, 2035, and 2045.

conference paper

Trust based security for cognitive radio networks

Proceedings of the 12th international conference on information integration and web-based applications & services - iiWAS '10

Publication Date

January 1, 2010

Author(s)

Sazia Parvin, Song Han, Farookh Khadeer Hussain, Mohammad Al Faruque
View conference paper
Suggested Citation
Sazia Parvin, Song Han, Farookh Khadeer Hussain and Md. Abdullah Al Faruque (2010) “Trust based security for cognitive radio networks”, in Proceedings of the 12th international conference on information integration and web-based applications & services - iiWAS '10. ACM Press, pp. 743–748. Available at: 10.1145/1967486.1967605.

published journal article

The impact of residential density on vehicle usage and energy consumption

Journal of Urban Economics

Publication Date

January 1, 2009

Author(s)

David Brownstone, Thomas Golob
View published journal article
Suggested Citation
David Brownstone and Thomas F. Golob (2009) “The impact of residential density on vehicle usage and energy consumption”, Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1), pp. 91–98. Available at: 10.1016/j.jue.2008.09.002.

published journal article

Anomaly Detection Against GPS Spoofing Attacks on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Using Learning From Demonstration

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

Publication Date

September 1, 2023

Author(s)

Zhen Yang, Jun Ying, Junjie Shen, Yiheng Feng, Qi Alfred Chen, Z. Morley Mao, Henry Liu
View published journal article

Abstract

GPS spoofing attacks pose great challenges to connected vehicle (CVs) safety applications and localization of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In this paper, we propose to utilize transportation and vehicle engineering domain knowledge to detect GPS spoofing attacks towards CVs and AVs. A novel detection method using learning from demonstration is developed, which can be implemented in both vehicles and at the transportation infrastructure. A computational-efficient driving model, which can be learned from historical trajectories of the vehicles, is constructed to predict normal driving behaviors. Then a statistical method is developed to measure the dissimilarities between the observed trajectory and the predicted normal trajectory for anomaly detection. We validate the proposed method using two threat models (i.e., attacks targeting the multi-sensor fusion system of AVs and attacks targeting the intersection movement assist application of CVs) on two real-world datasets (i.e., KAIST and Michigan roundabout dataset). Results show that the proposed model is able to detect almost all of the attacks in time with low false positive and false negative rates.

Suggested Citation
Zhen Yang, Jun Ying, Junjie Shen, Yiheng Feng, Qi Alfred Chen, Z. Morley Mao and Henry X. Liu (2023) “Anomaly Detection Against GPS Spoofing Attacks on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Using Learning From Demonstration”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(9), pp. 9462–9475. Available at: 10.1109/TITS.2023.3269029.

published journal article

The Value of “Value Pricing” of Roads: Second-Best Pricing and Product Differentiation

Journal of Urban Economics

Publication Date

March 1, 2001

Author(s)

Kenneth Small, Jia Yan
View published journal article
Suggested Citation
Kenneth A. Small and Jia Yan (2001) “The Value of “Value Pricing” of Roads: Second-Best Pricing and Product Differentiation”, Journal of Urban Economics, 49(2), pp. 310–336. Available at: 10.1006/juec.2000.2195.

published journal article

Continuous formulations and analytical properties of the link transmission model

Transportation Research Part B: Methodological

Publication Date

April 1, 2015

Author(s)

Wenlong Jin
View published journal article
Suggested Citation
Wen-Long Jin (2015) “Continuous formulations and analytical properties of the link transmission model”, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 74, pp. 88–103. Available at: 10.1016/j.trb.2014.12.006.

published journal article

The value of transportation accessibility in a least developed country city – The case of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

Publication Date

July 1, 2016

Author(s)

Suman Mitra, Jean-Daniel Saphores
View published journal article

Abstract

Little appears to be known about the capitalization of transportation accessibility in South Asian housing markets, which typically differ from those of industrialized countries. This study starts addressing this gap by providing empirical evidence about the nature and the magnitude of the value of accessibility as reflected by residential rents in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Results of the authors’ spatial auto-regressive disturbance (SARAR) spatial hedonic model estimated on 526 observations from a random sample collected via in-person interviews indicate that the rent of a multi-unit dwelling decreases by 0.0239% for every 1% increase in network access distance to the nearest major road. Moreover, proximity (within 400 m) to a primary school and to a healthcare facility commands rent premiums of respectively 93.55 BDT ($1.40) and 109.45 BDT ($1.64). Surprisingly, whether access roads are paved or not does not statistically impact rents, probably because of the dominance of walking, rickshaws use, and biking, combined with the rarity of personal cars. Likewise, proximity to bus stops and to train stations is not reflected in rents of multi-family dwellings, likely because buses and trains in Rajshahi City only provide regional and national service. Differences in estimates of the authors’ spatial models between maximum likelihood (ML) and generalized spatial two-stage-least-squares illustrate the danger of relying on ML in the presence of heteroskedasticity. These results should be useful for planning transportation infrastructure funding measures in least developed country cities like Rajshahi City.

Suggested Citation
Suman K. Mitra and Jean-Daniel M. Saphores (2016) “The value of transportation accessibility in a least developed country city – The case of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 89, pp. 184–200. Available at: 10.1016/j.tra.2016.05.002.

conference paper

Evaluation and modification of constant volume sampler based procedure for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle testing

Proceedings of the SAE international powertrains, fuels and lubricants meeting, lKyoto, japan

Publication Date

January 1, 2012

Author(s)

Li Zhang, Tim Brown, Scott Samuelsen

Abstract

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHVs) consume both fossil fuel and grid electricity, which imposes emission testing challenges on the current constant volume sampler (CVS) test method. One reason is that in the charge-depleting cycle, PHVs having all-electric range operate the engine for a small portion of the traction energy need, causing the CVS to overdilute the exhaust gas. The other reason is that the dilution factor (DF) in the EPA calculation has an error caused by ignoring the COâ?? concentration in ambient air. This paper evaluates these challenges by testing a Toyota PHV on the industry standard CVS system combined with additional continuous sampling methodology for continuous diluents, smooth approach orifice (SAO) measurement for ambient air flow, and fuel flow meter (FFM) measurement for fuel consumption. The current EPA DF can produce an error resulting in higher mass calculation. For the test car, the error for THC is in the range 0-20% on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), and 0-75% on the highway fuel economy test (HWFET), though it is estimated that this error amounts to less than 4.7% error for non-methane organic gas (NMOG) compared to the current SULEV emission standard. For the test car, the error for CO, NOx, and COâ?? is in the range of 0-8%, 0-3.6%, and 0-0.5%, respectively, which are negligible compared to the current SULEV emission standard. An alternative procedure is proposed for the charge depleting cycle using the continuous sampling method to ignore the time period before the engine first starts, thereby eliminating overdilution. This technique can reduce the impact of potential gas analyzer and DF error to one third compared to the current CVS method. The FFM and CVS showed matching measurements during most portions of testing and only demonstrated discrepancy of fuel consumption measurement during the first engine start cycle. The detailed reason why the FFM measured 13 grams more COâ?? than the CVS on average is likely associated with exhaust left in the vehicle tailpipe and CVS sampling line, though more investigation is needed with future testing.

Suggested Citation
Li Zhang, Tim Brown and G. Scott Samuelsen (2012) “Evaluation and modification of constant volume sampler based procedure for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle testing”, in Proceedings of the SAE international powertrains, fuels and lubricants meeting, lKyoto, japan. SAE International, pp. pp 542–559.

working paper

Economies of Scale and Self-Financing Rules with Noncompetitive Factor Markets

Publication Date

November 1, 1996

Author(s)

Kenneth Small

Working Paper

UCI-ITS-WP-96-10
View working paper

Abstract

When a firm or public authority prices output at marginal cost, its profits are related to the degree of local economies of scale in its cost function. As is well known, this result extends to the case where some congestion-prone inputs are supplied by users. I show that contrary to common belief, the result holds even when scale economies are affected by a rising factor supply curve. In that case, constant returns to scale in production produces diseconomies of scale in the cost function, making marginal-cost pricing profitable. Examples are provided for a monopsonist both with and without price discrimination. In the latter case, second-best pricing is also considered: profits then are not governed in the usual way either by returns to scale in production or by scale economies in the cost function, but some useful bounds are provided.

Suggested Citation
Kenneth A. Small (1996) Economies of Scale and Self-Financing Rules with Noncompetitive Factor Markets. Working Paper UCI-ITS-WP-96-10. Institute of Transportation Studies, Irvine. Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qp0s911.

Anteater Instruction and Research Bldg (AIRB)
Irvine, CA 92697
Phone: 949-824-5989 | Fax: 949-824-8385

Subscribe to the ITS- Irvine mailing list Subscribe to Events Calendar

Press

©2026 ITS-Irvine