conference paper

Poster: Towards Large-Scale Measurement Study on LiDAR Spoofing Attacks against Object Detection

Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security

Publication Date

November 7, 2022

Author(s)

Takami Sato, Yuki Hayakawa, Ryo Suzuki, Yohsuke Shiiki, Kentaro Yoshioka, Qi Alfred Chen

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Abstract

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an indispensable sensor for precise long- and wide-range 3D sensing of the surrounding environment. The recent rapid deployment of autonomous driving (AD) has highly benefited from the advancement of LiDARs. At the same time, the safety-critical application strongly motivates its security research. Recent studies demonstrate that they can manipulate the LiDAR point cloud and fool object detection by shooting malicious lasers against LiDAR scanning. However, prior efforts focus on limited types of LiDARs and object detection models, and their threat models are not clearly validated in the real world. To fill the critical research gap, we plan to conduct the first large-scale measurement study on LiDAR spoofing attacks against a wide variety of LiDARs with major object detectors. To perform this measurement, we first significantly improved the LiDAR spoofing capability (30x more spoofing points than the prior attack) with more careful optics and functional electronics, which allows us to be the first to clearly demonstrate and quantify key attack capabilities assumed in prior works. In this poster, we present our preliminary results on VLP-16 and our research plan.

Suggested Citation

Takami Sato, Yuki Hayakawa, Ryo Suzuki, Yohsuke Shiiki, Kentaro Yoshioka and Qi Alfred Chen (2022) “Poster: Towards Large-Scale Measurement Study on LiDAR Spoofing Attacks against Object Detection”, in Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (CCS '22), pp. 3459–3461. Available at: 10.1145/3548606.3563537.

published journal article

Socioeconomic disadvantage in pregnancy and postpartum risk of cardiovascular disease

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Publication Date

February 1, 2025

Author(s)

Kartik K. Venkatesh, Sadiya S. Khan, Janet Catov, Jiqiang Wu, Rebecca McNeil, Philip Greenland, Jun Wu, Lisa D. Levine, Lynn M. Yee, Hyagriv N. Simhan, David M. Haas, Uma M. Reddy, George Saade, Robert M. Silver, C. Noel Bairey Merz, William A. Grobman

Areas of Expertise

Safety, Public Health, & Mobility Justice

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Abstract

Background Pregnancy is an educable and actionable life stage to address social determinants of health (SDOH) and lifelong cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. However, the link between a risk score that combines multiple neighborhood-level social determinants in pregnancy and the risk of long-term CVD remains to be evaluated. Objective To examine whether neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage measured by the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) in early pregnancy is associated with a higher 30-year predicted risk of CVD postpartum, as measured by the Framingham Risk Score. Study Design An analysis of data from the prospective Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study-Monitoring Mothers-to-Be Heart Health Study longitudinal cohort. Participant home addresses during early pregnancy were geocoded at the Census-block level. The exposure was neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage using the 2015 ADI by tertile (least deprived [T1], reference; most deprived [T3]) measured in the first trimester. Outcomes were the predicted 30-year risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD, composite of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke) and total CVD (composite of ASCVD plus coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, transient ischemic attack, intermittent claudication, and heart failure) using the Framingham Risk Score measured 2 to 7 years after delivery. These outcomes were assessed as continuous measures of absolute estimated risk in increments of 1%, and, secondarily, as categorical measures with high-risk defined as an estimated probability of CVD ≥10%. Multivariable linear regression and modified Poisson regression models adjusted for baseline age and individual-level social determinants, including health insurance, educational attainment, and household poverty. Results Among 4309 nulliparous individuals at baseline, the median age was 27 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23–31) and the median ADI was 43 (IQR: 22–74). At 2 to 7 years postpartum (median: 3.1 years, IQR: 2.5, 3.7), the median 30-year risk of ASCVD was 2.3% (IQR: 1.5, 3.5) and of total CVD was 5.5% (IQR: 3.7, 7.9); 2.2% and 14.3% of individuals had predicted 30-year risk ≥10%, respectively. Individuals living in the highest ADI tertile had a higher predicted risk of 30-year ASCVD % (adjusted ß: 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19, 0.63) compared with those in the lowest tertile; and those living in the top 2 ADI tertiles had higher absolute risks of 30-year total CVD % (T2: adj. ß: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.72; T3: adj. ß: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.13). Similarly, individuals living in neighborhoods in the highest ADI tertile were more likely to have a high 30-year predicted risk of ASCVD (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.21, 4.02) and total CVD ≥10% (aRR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.69). Conclusion Neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage in early pregnancy was associated with a higher estimated long-term risk of CVD postpartum. Incorporating aggregated SDOH into existing clinical workflows and future research in pregnancy could reduce disparities in maternal cardiovascular health across the lifespan, and requires further study.

Suggested Citation

Kartik K. Venkatesh, Sadiya S. Khan, Janet Catov, Jiqiang Wu, Rebecca McNeil, Philip Greenland, Jun Wu, Lisa D. Levine, Lynn M. Yee, Hyagriv N. Simhan, David M. Haas, Uma M. Reddy, George Saade, Robert M. Silver, C. Noel Bairey Merz and William A. Grobman (2025) “Socioeconomic disadvantage in pregnancy and postpartum risk of cardiovascular disease”, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 232(2), pp. 226.e1–226.e14. Available at: 10.1016/j.ajog.2024.05.007.

conference paper

Security trends and advances in manufacturing systems in the era of industry 4.0

2017 IEEE/ACM international conference on computer-aided design (ICCAD)

Publication Date

November 1, 2017

Author(s)

Sujit Rokka Chhetri, Nafiul Rashid, Sina Faezi, Mohammad Al Faruque

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Suggested Citation

Sujit Rokka Chhetri, Nafiul Rashid, Sina Faezi and Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque (2017) “Security trends and advances in manufacturing systems in the era of industry 4.0”, in 2017 IEEE/ACM international conference on computer-aided design (ICCAD). IEEE, pp. 1039–1046. Available at: 10.1109/iccad.2017.8203896.

published journal article

Airline schedule competition

Review of industrial organization

Publication Date

August 1, 2007

Author(s)

Jan Brueckner, Ricardo Flores-Fillol

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Suggested Citation

Jan K. Brueckner and Ricardo Flores-Fillol (2007) “Airline schedule competition”, Review of industrial organization, 30(3), pp. 161–177. Available at: 10.1007/s11151-007-9140-1.

conference paper

Ranging precision analysis of LTE signals

2017 25th european signal processing conference (EUSIPCO)

Publication Date

August 1, 2017

Author(s)

Kimia Shamaei, Joe Khalife, Zaher Kassas

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Suggested Citation

Kimia Shamaei, Joe Khalife and Zaher M. Kassas (2017) “Ranging precision analysis of LTE signals”, in 2017 25th european signal processing conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, pp. 2719–2723. Available at: 10.23919/eusipco.2017.8081705.

published journal article

Sensor location decision model for truck flow measurement

Transportation Research Record

Publication Date

January 1, 2017

Author(s)

Kyung (Kate) Hyun, Stephen Ritchie

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Suggested Citation

Kyung (Kate) Hyun and Stephen G. Ritchie (2017) “Sensor location decision model for truck flow measurement”, Transportation Research Record, 2644(1), pp. 1–10. Available at: 10.3141/2644-01.

working paper

Socio-Economic Attributes and Impacts of Travel Reliability: A Stated Preference Approach

Publication Date

November 1, 1995

Associated Projects

Author(s)

Kenneth Small, Robert Noland, Pia Koskenoja

Working Paper

UCI-ITS-WP-95-18

Areas of Expertise

Travel Behavior, Land Use, & the Built Environment

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Abstract

This research examines the behavioral reactions to the impact of changes in the probability of non-recurrent incident and how this effects the expected costs of a commute trip. This basic approach combines the estimation of a travel demand model (estimated with data collected from a stated preference survey) with a supply side model of a congested highway. We also examine the impact of various socio-economic variables, including a detailed classification of occupational groupings. Our demand model is based on a theoretical model developed to explain how unreliability in travel times affects expected travel costs. We find that expected schedule delay (early and late), lateness probability, and expected travel time influence the expected costs of travel. Our parameter estimates confirm the anticipated values of these parameters: lateness probability has a high disutility, while expected schedule delay early is preferable to expected schedule delay late, and the disutility of expected travel time is between these two. We do not find a high level of significance for planning costs, as expressed by the variance in travel times. Our simulation model shows that schedule costs and lateness probability represent a large fraction of the total cost to the commuter; these are generally not affected by capacity increases but can be reduced by decreasing the probability of a non-recurrent incident.

Suggested Citation

Kenneth A. Small, Robert B. Noland and Pia Koskenoja (1995) Socio-Economic Attributes and Impacts of Travel Reliability: A Stated Preference Approach. Working Paper UCI-ITS-WP-95-18. Institute of Transportation Studies, Irvine. Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sp2315k.

working paper

A Search for Performance Evaluation in Public Services: Education, Housing and Health

Publication Date

December 1, 1977

Author(s)

Dathron Bailey, Michael Spendolini

Working Paper

UCI-ITS-WP-77-11

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Abstract

As public funds become ever more scarce and demands on them ever greater, public scrutiny of their use increases. Means are sought to determine exactly how such funds are being used, and to determine where and how they could be better allocated. The quantitative evaluation of performance provides some measure of rational justification for political and policy decisions. Public transit is today in this position of stabilized or decreasing funds and increasing demands, yet there exist no readily applicable means of evaluating transit performance. Transit must adapt the evaluation techniques and learn from the experience of other public fields. Performance evaluation has long been an issue in the fields of public education, housing, and health. Many volumes of research are available discussing evaluation theory and experience with techniques ranging from performance contracts and peer ratings to subjective ratings of “satisfaction”. Performance evaluations are also conducted in many other public service fields, e.g. fire and police services. Yet, the fields of education, housing, and health are similar to public transit in that they: (1) must be provided on a continuous basis; (2) cannot be nor mally justified on a public safety basis, as can police and fire ser vices; and (3) are not utilized by the entire population on a regular basis. This paper will investigate each of the fields (public education, housing, and health) in turn, discussing the predominant evaluation techniques used or suggested for that field and the problems inhibit ing’ evaluation. For each area, appropriate parallels will be drawn to the evaluation of public transit.

Suggested Citation

Dathron Bailey and Michael J. Spendolini (1977) A Search for Performance Evaluation in Public Services: Education, Housing and Health. Working Paper UCI-ITS-WP-77-11. Institute of Transportation Studies, Irvine. Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xq628bk.

Phd Dissertation

Realistic models for scheduling tasks on network nodes

Publication Date

January 1, 2008

Author(s)

Jie Hu

Areas of Expertise

Intelligent Transportation Systems, Emerging Technologies, & Big Data

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Abstract

Parallel distributed computing has been widely studied and utilized to enable grids (or clusters) to meet the increasing demand of computation, especially in the field of scientific computation and modeling. The goal of distributed computing platforms is to provide the necessary infrastructure so that applications and their users can aggregate resources dynamically and shorten the processing time of the applications. With the rapid development of the Internet, the current distributed computing platforms are becoming more complicated. A typical type of modern distributed computing platforms is grid. Because the modern distributed computing platforms may contain numerous computational network nodes, one important challenge is how to schedule the load of tasks to these network nodes efficiently [1]. In addition, the environments of current computational platforms are becoming more complicated due to the availability of high performance network nodes and interconnects. Therefore, more advanced scheduling algorithms should be utilized to handle these problems. It is therefore necessary to create a new generation of schedulers that provides more comprehensive support for addressing the modern distributed computing platform requirements, so that the network nodes can be utilized effectively By analyzing and identifying the limitations of applying conventional scheduler technologies for distributed parallel applications, this dissertation presents a new design and its associated algorithms for enhancing conventional schedulers to provide better performance with considering more realistic factors. This dissertation also presents both mathematical and empirical analysis of three different proposed models. This dissertation provides three contributions to the field of task scheduling in distributed computing. First, current published algorithms are analyzed and weakness are exposed when real-world factors are considered, such as startup-costs, arbitrary processor times. Second, it contributes to the design of the scheduling algorithms by considering more realistic factors, which extend the usages of schedulers. Finally, it presents empirical and analytical results to demonstrate the effectiveness and the advantage of the proposed algorithms. The work in this dissertation has a broader impact beyond the algorithms in which they were developed, as it provides deeper understanding of scheduling tasks in the more realistic models, which will allow us to design more efficient algorithms.

Suggested Citation

Jie Hu (2008) Realistic models for scheduling tasks on network nodes. Ph.D.. University of California, Irvine. Available at: https://uci.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CDL_IRV_INST/74dcdl/alma991035092829804701 (Accessed: October 14, 2023).

published journal article

Intercontinental-airport regulation

Transportation Research Part B: Methodological

Publication Date

June 1, 2013

Author(s)

W. Benoot, Jan Brueckner, S. Proost

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Abstract

This paper analyzes strategic interaction between intercontinental airport regulators, each of which levies airport charges paid by airlines and chooses its airport capacity under conditions of congestion. Congestion from intercontinental flights is common across intercontinental airports since departure and arrival airports are linked one to one, while purely domestic traffic also uses each airport. The paper focuses on two questions. First, if both continents can strategically set separate airport charges for domestic and intercontinental flights, how will the outcome differ from the first-best solution? Second, how is strategic airport behavior affected by the extent of market power of the airlines serving the intercontinental market? We see that strategic airport pricing and capacity choices by regulators lead to a welfare loss: the regulators both behave as monopolists in the market for intercontinental flights, charging a mark-up and decreasing capacity. This welfare loss even overshadows possible negative effects from imperfect competition within the intercontinental airline market. We further discuss how the presence of multiple regulators on one continent or a simple pricing rule might constrain the welfare loss created by strategic airport regulation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation

W. Benoot, J.K. Brueckner and S. Proost (2013) “Intercontinental-airport regulation”, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 52, pp. 56–72. Available at: 10.1016/j.trb.2013.03.001.